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The Oxford handbook of the European Bronze Age /

Други автори: Fokkens, Harry 1953- (ed.), Harding, A. F. (ed.)
Формат: Книга
Език: English
Публикувано: Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2013.
Серия: Oxford handbooks
Предмети:
Bronze age > Europe.
Europe > Antiquities.
Съдържание:
  • Machine generated contents note: 1. Introduction: The Bronze Age of Europe / Anthony Harding
  • Sources of Information
  • Debates in Bronze Age Archaeology
  • The Way Ahead
  • Conclusion
  • pt. I Themes In Bronze Age Archaeology
  • 2. Old Father Time: The Bronze Age Chronology of Western Europe / Dirk Brandherm
  • Introduction
  • Britain and Ireland
  • The Netherlands, France, and Belgium
  • Iberia
  • Conclusion
  • 3. Europe 2500 to 2200 BC: Between Expiring Ideologies and Emerging Complexity / Volker Heyd
  • Europe at c.2500 BC
  • The Period of the `International Spirit' in the Aegean
  • New Peripheries in the Balkans and Southern Italy
  • Beyond the Peripheries: The Gradual Transmission of New Ideas, Values, and Achievements
  • Meeting the Bell Beaker Network
  • Conflicting World Views Between 2500 and 2200 BC
  • 4.A Little Bit of History Repeating Itself: Theories on the Bell Beaker Phenomenon / Marc Vander Linden
  • A Sense of Deja Vu.
  • Contents note continued: From Beakers to Folk: Culture-History (c.1900-1970s)
  • From Folk to Elites: Processual Approaches (1970s-early 1990s)
  • From Elites to Phenomenon: The Analytical Age (late 19905-Present)
  • A Little Bit of History Repeating Itself
  • 5. Bronze Age Settlements / Harry Fokkens
  • Introduction
  • Houses and Households in Anthropological Perspective
  • Bronze Age House Architecture
  • Explaining Size Differences Between Houses
  • The Organization of Household Space
  • The Bronze Age Farmstead
  • Bronze Age Villages
  • Identifying Settlement Hierarchies
  • The House-Landscapes of Bronze Age Europe
  • Conclusion
  • 6. Burials / Mads Kahler Holst
  • Introduction
  • Bronze Age Burial Traditions
  • Individuals and their Artefacts
  • The Burial as Event: Activities, Sequences, and Meetings
  • Cemeteries, Clusters, and Communities
  • The Setting of the Burials
  • Conclusion
  • 7. Hoards and the Deposition of Metalwork / Richard Bradley.
  • Contents note continued: Introduction: The Archbishop's Treasure
  • Hoards and the Development of Prehistoric Archaeology
  • Problems of Interpretation
  • Contexts and Contents
  • The Role of the Smith
  • Some Wider Implications
  • Space and Time
  • Unfinished Business
  • Conclusion
  • 8. Monuments and Monumentality in Bronze Age Europe / Timothy Darvill
  • Introduction
  • Late Chambered Tombs
  • Round Barrows, Kurgans, Tumuli, and `fancy barrows'
  • Standing Stones, Statue Menhirs, and Stelae
  • Pairs and Rows
  • Circles and Ovals
  • Natural Places, Shafts, and Pools
  • Enclosures, Shrines, and Cult Houses
  • Conclusion
  • 9. Stonehenge / Kate Welham
  • Introduction
  • A Short History of Recent Research
  • Previous Chronological Schemes for Stonehenge
  • Before Stonehenge
  • Stonehenge Stage 1 (3015-2935 cal BC)
  • Stonehenge Stage 2 (2620-2480 cal BC)
  • Stonehenge Stage 3 (2480-2280 cal BC)
  • Stonehenge Stage 4 (2270-2020 cal BC)
  • Stonehenge Stage 5 (1630-1520 cal BC).
  • Contents note continued: 10. The Contribution of Skeletal Isotope Analysis to Understanding the Bronze Age in Europe / Mandy Jay
  • Introduction
  • The Techniques
  • Factors Reflected by the Different Systems
  • Different Skeletal Fractions
  • Isotopic Background
  • Skeletal Data from Animals
  • Migration and Diet Studies
  • Existing Data and Interpretations for the European Bronze Age
  • The Beaker People Project
  • Dietary Studies
  • Limitations and Problems
  • Future Work
  • 11. The Myth of the Chief: Prestige Goods, Power, and Personhood in the European Bronze Age / David Fontijn
  • Introduction
  • Empirical Issues
  • Homo economicus and the Subject-Object Divide
  • Power, Hierarchy, and Personhood
  • Social and Material Relations in the European Bronze Age
  • Conclusion
  • 12. Identity, Gender, and Dress in the European Bronze Age / Stig Sorensen
  • Introduction
  • On Identity and Gender
  • Bronze Age Identities.
  • Contents note continued: The Evidence for the Dressed Person: Men and Women and Other Identities
  • Changes through the Bronze Age
  • Conclusion
  • 13. Warfare in the European Bronze Age / Nick Thorpe
  • Introduction
  • Weaponry
  • Art
  • Defended Sites
  • Victims of Violence
  • The Importance of Variability and Future Research
  • 14. Rethinking Bronze Age Cosmology: A North European Perspective / Joakim Goldhahn
  • Introduction
  • A Brand-New World
  • Cosmology and Bronze Age Landscape Cognition
  • To Get `something great in exchange for something small'
  • Smiths as Cosmologists
  • Concluding Remarks: Cosmologies in the Making
  • ch. 14A The Sky Disc of Nebra
  • 15. Bronze Age Rock Art in Northern Europe: Contexts and Interpretations / Johan Ling
  • Introduction
  • The Images and Interpretative Trends
  • Rock-Art Chronology
  • Rock Art and Landscape
  • Rock Art and Seascapes
  • Excavating Rock Art
  • Picturing the Dead
  • Theories about Rock Art, Agency, and Society.
  • Contents note continued: Rock Art Practice and Cosmology
  • Rock Art as Social Format
  • Conclusion
  • 16. Rock Carvings and Alpine Statue-Menhirs, from the Chalcolithic to the Middle Bronze Age / Geoffroy de Saulieu
  • Introduction
  • Chrono-Cultural Attributes
  • The Sites
  • Factors Affecting the Form and Content of the Art
  • Iconographic Variations
  • 17. Bronze Age Fields and Land Division / Robert Johnston
  • Introduction
  • Prehistoric Land Division: A Historical Perspective
  • Classifying Fields
  • The Chronology and History of Fields
  • Early Fields on the Edges of Europe
  • Stone Cairns and Walls in the Western Uplands
  • Linear Landscapes in Southern Britain
  • `Celtic Fields' in North-West Europe
  • Fields, Landscape, and Society
  • 18. Animals in Bronze Age Europe / Laszlo Bartosiewicz
  • Introduction
  • Chronological Framework and the Near Eastern Paradigm
  • Trends in Bronze Age Animal Exploitation
  • Cattle
  • Pig
  • Sheep and Goat
  • Horse and Ass
  • Dog.
  • Contents note continued: Fowl and Domestic Hen
  • Hunting
  • Conclusion
  • 19. Plant Cultivation in the Bronze Age / Andreas G. Heiss
  • Introduction
  • Methods
  • Regional Overviews
  • Individual Cereals, Plants, and Trees
  • Conclusion
  • 20. Trade and Exchange / Anthony Harding
  • The Meaning of Trade
  • Sources of Evidence
  • Objects Found Outside their Place of Manufacture
  • Conclusion: Connectivity in the Bronze Age
  • 21. Seafaring and Riverine Navigation in the Bronze Age of Europe / Robert Van de Noort
  • Introduction
  • Mediterranean Europe
  • Atlantic Europe
  • Europe's Rivers
  • Conclusion: Current Debates and Future Research Directions
  • 22. Land Transport in the Bronze Age / Marion Uckelmann
  • Introduction
  • Speed of Transport and Loads
  • Wagons
  • Roads and Paths
  • Conclusion
  • 23. Copper and Bronze: Bronze Age Metalworking in Context / Tobias L. Kienlin
  • Approaches to Prehistoric Metalworking
  • Prologue: The Beginnings of Metallurgy.
  • Contents note continued: Bronze and the Bronze Age
  • Alpine Copper and Bronze Age Mining Communities
  • Smelting: Geology-Derived `Stages' and Prehistoric Reality
  • Casting and Working: Technological Choice and Compositional `Determinism'
  • Metalworking and Society
  • 24. Bronze Age Copper Mining in Europe / William O'Brien
  • Bronze Age Copper Mines in Europe
  • The Search for Copper
  • The Approach to Mining
  • The Mining Environment
  • Mining and Metal Production
  • Mining and Society
  • 25. Gold and Gold Working of the Bronze Age / Barbara Armbruster
  • Introduction
  • A History of Research
  • The Find Context
  • Form and Function
  • The Chronological Development of Goldworking
  • Methods of Investigation
  • The Acquisition of Gold
  • Gold Technology
  • Beyond the Bronze Age
  • 26. Craft Production: Ceramics, Textiles, and Bone / Alice Choyke
  • Introduction
  • Ceramics
  • Textiles
  • Worked Bone
  • Conclusion
  • 27. Glass and Faience / Julian Henderson.
  • Contents note continued: The Production of Glass and Glassy Materials
  • Production Zones
  • Bronze Age Faience/Glass in Northern Italy
  • Conclusion
  • 28. Salt Production in the Bronze Age / Anthony Harding
  • Production Using Briquetage
  • Coastal and Inland Production in the Mediterranean
  • Bronze Age Salt Mining at Hallstatt and Other Rock Salt Sources
  • Bronze Age Salt
  • 29. Weighing, Commodification, and Money / Christopher Pare
  • Introduction
  • The Earliest Evidence for Weighing
  • Developments in the East Mediterranean in the Later Bronze Age
  • Italy and Central Europe
  • Weighing in Bronze Age Europe
  • Weighing and Commodification
  • Conclusion
  • pt. II The Bronze Age By Region
  • 30. Britain and Ireland in the Bronze Age: Farmers in the Landscape or Heroes on the High Seas? / Benjamin W. Roberts
  • Introduction
  • Monuments, Burials, and Craftsmanship: Mid Third-Early Second Millennium BC.
  • Contents note continued: Settlements, Cremations, and Hoards: The Mid Second-Early First Millennium BC
  • Conclusion
  • 31. The Bronze Age in the Low Countries / David Fontijn
  • Introduction
  • The Natural Environment and Palaeogeography
  • Chronology and Cultural Traditions
  • Settlements and Architecture
  • Funerary Archaeology
  • Treatment of the Dead
  • Graves and Grave Goods
  • Metalwork and Hoarding, River Depositions
  • Conclusion
  • 32. The Bronze Age in France / Claude Mordant
  • The Geographical and Cultural Framework
  • Settlements and the Use of Space
  • Funerary Practice and Beliefs
  • Metal Production
  • Conclusion
  • 33. Bronze Age Iberia / Roberto Risch
  • The Early Bronze Age (c.2200-1550 cal BC)
  • The Late Bronze Age (c.1550-1300 cal BC)
  • The Final Bronze Age (c.1300-900 cal BC)
  • 34. The Bronze Age in the Balearic Islands / Roberto Risch
  • The First Phase of Human Population in Mallorca and Menorca (c.2300-1600 cal BC).
  • Contents note continued: The Naviform Group (c.1600-1100/1000 cal BC)
  • The Proto-Talayotic Period (c. 1100/1000-850 cal BC)
  • 35. Peninsular Italy / Bietti Sestieri
  • Introduction
  • The Cultural Sequence
  • Conclusion
  • 36. The Bronze Age in Sicily / Bietti Sestieri
  • The Early Bronze Age (c.2200-1500 BC)
  • The Middle Bronze Age (c.1500-1250 BC)
  • The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages (c.13th-9th Centuries BC)
  • The Final Bronze Age and Early Iron Age in the Aeolian Islands and Sicily (c.11th-9th Centuries BC)
  • 37. The Bronze Age in Sardinia / Fulvia Lo Schiavo
  • A Large Island: Almost a Continent
  • Issues of Chronology
  • The Nuragic Civilization
  • The `Nuraghi Golden Age'
  • The End of the Bronze Age and Beginning of the Iron Age
  • The Coming of the Age of Iron
  • 38. Northern Italy / Franco Nicolis
  • Introduction
  • Chronology
  • Cultural Development
  • Funerary Rites
  • Ritual, Cult, and Religion
  • Conclusion.
  • Contents note continued: 39. Switzerland and the Central Alps / Philippe Della Casa
  • Environment, Climate, Settlement
  • Chronology and Chorology
  • Settlement Topography, Settlement Structures
  • Economic Background
  • Society and Ideology
  • 40. Germany in the Bronze Age / Albrecht Jockenhovel
  • Introduction
  • Central and Southern Germany
  • Eastern Germany: The Lausitz Culture
  • Northern Germany: The Nordic Bronze Age
  • Settlement
  • 41. Scandinavia / Henrik Thrane
  • Introduction
  • Cultural Development and Diversity
  • Chronology and Regional Differentiation
  • Settlement
  • Agriculture and Land Use
  • Mounds
  • Burials
  • Arts and Crafts
  • Rock Carvings
  • Trade and Transport
  • Hoards and Votive Deposits
  • Conclusion
  • 42. The Bronze Age in the Polish Lands / Janusz Czebreszuk
  • Introduction: The Natural Environment
  • Historic Regions of Polish Territory
  • Cultural Chronology
  • The Cultural Sequence
  • The Middle Bronze Age.
  • Contents note continued: The Late Bronze Age/Hallstatt Period
  • Settlement and Economy
  • Burials
  • Material Culture
  • Industries Based on Other Raw Materials
  • Other Aspects of Social Life in the Bronze Age
  • Conclusion
  • 43. The Czech Lands and Austria in the Bronze Age / Alexandra Krenn-Leeb
  • Introduction: Natural Environment and Landscapes
  • Cultural Sequence and Chronology
  • Settlement and Settlements
  • Funerary Archaeology: Implications for Society and Identity
  • Material Culture
  • 44. Slovakia and Hungary / Gabor Ilon
  • Setting and Natural Conditions
  • Chronology
  • The Early Bronze Age (c.2500/2300-1500/1450 cal BC)
  • The Middle Bronze Age (c.1500/1450-1200/1150 cal BC)
  • The Late and Final Bronze Age (c.1250/1150-800/750 cal BC)
  • The End of the Bronze Age
  • 45. The Western Balkans in the Bronze Age / Snjezana Karavanic
  • Introduction: Geography and Environment
  • Settlements and their Social Implications
  • Burial Rites and their Social Implications.
  • Contents note continued: 46. Castellieri-Gradine of the Northern Adriatic / Kristina Mihovilic
  • A History of Research
  • The Characteristics of Castellieri-Gradine
  • Economy
  • Chronology
  • 47. Romania, Moldova, and Bulgaria / Nikolaus Boroffka
  • A History of Research
  • Chronology and Terminology
  • Cultural Evolution
  • Metal
  • Transport and the Symbolic Meaning of Vehicles
  • Conclusion
  • 48. Ukraine and South Russia in the Bronze Age / Hermann Parzinger
  • The Foundations of Bronze Age Cultural Development: The Eneolithic
  • Arsenical Bronzes, Wagons, and Domestic Horses: The Beginnings of the Bronze Age
  • Consolidation and Further Development: From the Catacomb Culture to the Srubnaya Culture
  • The Heyday of Bronze Age Cultural Relationships: From Sabatinovka to Belozerka
  • The End of the Bronze Age and Beginnings of Horse-Borne Nomadism.

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