Съдържание: Computer networks and Internets /

Книга

Computer networks and Internets /

Overview: Appropriate for all introductory-to-intermediate courses in computer networking, the Internet, or Internet applications; readers need no background in networking, operating systems, or advanced mathematics. Leading networking authority Douglas Comer presents a wide-ranging, self-containe...

Пълно описание

Основен автор:	Comer, Douglas, (Author)
Формат:	Книга
Език:	English
Публикувано:	Boston, Massachusetts : Pearson, [2015].
Издание:	Sixth edition.
Предмети:	Computer networks. Internetworking (Telecommunication)

Съдържание:

Preface
Part 1: Introduction And Internet Applications:
Introduction And Overview:
Growth of computer networking
Why networking seems complex
Five key aspects of networking
Public and private parts of the Internet
Networks, interoperability, and standards
Protocol suites and layering models
How data passes through layers
Headers and layers
ISO and the OSI seven layer reference model
Remainder of the text
Summary
Internet Trends:
Introduction
Resource sharing
Growth of the Internet
From resource sharing to communication
From text to multimedia
Recent trends
From individual computers to Cloud computing
Summary
Internet Applications And Network Programming:
Introduction
Two basic Internet communication paradigms
Connection-oriented communication
Client-server model of interaction
Characteristics of clients and servers
Server programs and server-class computers
Requests, responses, and direction of data flow
Multiple clients and multiple servers
Server identification and demultiplexing
Concurrent serves
Circular dependencies among servers
Peer-to-peer interactions
Network programming and the socket API
Sockets, descriptors, and network I/O
Parameters and the socket API
Socket calls in a client and server
Socket functions used by both client and server
Connect function used only by a client
Socket functions used only by a server
Socket functions used with the message paradigm
Other socket functions
Sockets, threads, and inheritance
Summary
Traditional Internet Applications:
Introduction
Application-layer protocols
Representation and transfer
Web protocols
Document representation with HTML
Uniform resource locators and hyperlinks
Web document transfer with HTTP
Caching in browsers
Browser architecture
File transfer protocol (FTP)
FTP communication paradigm
Electronic mail
Simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
ISPs, mail servers, and mail access
Mail access protocols (POP, IMAP)
Email representation standards (RFC2822, MIME)
Domain name system (DNS)
Domain names that begin with a service name
DNS hierarchy and server model
Name resolution
Caching in DNS servers
Types of DNS entries
Aliases and CNAME resource records
Abbreviations and the DNS
Internationalized domain names
Extensible representations (XML)
Summary
Part 2: Data Communication Basics:
Overview Of Data Communications:
Introduction
Essence of data communications
Motivation and scope of the subject
Conceptual pieces of a communications system
Subtopics of data communications
Summary
Information Sources And Signals:
Introduction
Information sources
Analog and digital signals
Periodic and aperiodic signals
Sine waves and signal characteristics
Composite signals
Importance of composite signals and sine functions
Time and frequency domain representations
Bandwidth of an analog signal
Digital signals and signal levels
Baud and bits per second
Converting a digital to analog
Bandwidth of a digital signal
Synchronization and agreement about signals
Line coding
Manchester encoding used in computer networks
Converting an analog signal to digital
Nyquist theorem and sampling rate
Nyquist theorem and telephone system transmission
Nonlinear encoding
Encoding and data compression
Summary
Transmission Media:
Introduction
Guided and unguided transmission
Taxonomy by forms of energy
Background radiation and electrical noise
Twisted pair copper wiring
Shielding: coaxial cable and shielded twisted pair
Categories of twisted pair cable
Media using light energy and optical fibers
Types of fiber and light transmission
Optical fiber compared to copper wiring
Infrared communication technologies
Point-to-point laser communication
Electromagnetic (radio) communication
Signal propagation
Types of satellites
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites
GEO coverage of the earth
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites and clusters
Tradeoff's among media types
Measuring transmission media
Effect of noise on communication
Significance of channel capacity
Summary
Reliability And Channel Coding:
Introduction
Three main sources of transmission errors
Effect of transmission errors on data
Two strategies for handling channel errors
Block and convolutional error codes
Example block error code: single parity checking
Mathematics of block error codes and (n,k) notation
Hamming distance: a measure of a code's strength
Hamming distance among strings in a codebook
Tradeoff between error detection and overhead
Error correction with row and column (RAC) parity
16-bit checksum used in the Internet
Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs)
Efficient hardware implementation of CRC
Automatic repeat request (ARQ) mechanism
Summary
Transmission Modes:
Introduction
Taxonomy of transmission modes
Parallel transmission
Serial transmission
Transmission order: bits and bytes
Timing of serial transmission
Asynchronous transmission
RS-232 asynchronous character transmission
Synchronous transmission
Bytes, blocks, and frames
Isochronous transmission
Simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission
DCE and DTE equipment
Summary
Modulation And Modems:
Introduction
Carriers, frequency, and propagation
Analog modulation schemes
Amplitude modulation
Frequency modulation
Phase shift modulation
Amplitude modulation and Shannon's theorem
Modulation, digital input, and shift keying
Phase, shift keying
Phase shift and a constellation diagram
Quadrature amplitude modulation
Modem hardware for modulation and demodulation
Optical and radio frequency modems
Dialup modems
OAM applied to dialup
V-32 and V-32bis dialup modems
Summary
Multiplexing And Demultiplexing (Channelization):
Introduction
Concept of multiplexing
Basic types of multiplexing
Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
Using a range of frequencies per channel
Hierarchical FDM
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
Time division multiplexing (TDM)
Synchronous TDM
Framing used in the telephone system version of TDM
Hierarchical TDM
Problem with synchronous TDM: unfilled slots
Statistical TDM
Inverse multiplexing
Code division multiplexing
Summary
Access And Interconnection Technologies:
Introduction
Internet access technology: upstream and downstream
Narrowband and broadband access technologies
Local loop and ISDN
Digital subscriber line (DSL) technologies
Local loop characteristics and adaptation
Data rate of ADSL
ADSL installation and splitters
Cable modem technologies
Data rate of cable modems
Cable modem installation
Hybrid fiber coax
Access technologies that employ optical fiber
Head-end and tail-end modem terminology
Wireless access technologies
High-capacity connections at the Internet core
Circuit termination, DSU/CSU, and NIU
Telephone standards for digital circuits
DS terminology and data rates
Highest capacity circuits (STS standards)
Optical carrier standards
C suffix
Synchronous optical network (SONET)
Summary
Part 3: Packet Switching And Network Technologies:
Local Area Networks: Packets, Frames, And Topologies:
Introduction
Circuit switching and analog communication
Packet switching
Local and wide are packet networks
Standards for packet format and identification
IEEE 802 model and standards
Point-to-point and multi-access networks
LAN topologies
Packet identification, demultiplexing, MAC addresses
Unicast, broadcast, and multicast addresses
Broadcast, multicast, and efficient multi-point delivery
Frames and framing
Byte and bit stuffing
Summary
IEEE MAC Sublayer:
Introduction
Taxonomy of mechanisms for shared access
Static and dynamic channel allocation
Channelization protocols
Controlled access protocols
Random access protocols
Summary
Wired LAN Technology (Ethernet And 802-3):
Introduction
Venerable Ethernet
Ethernet frame format
Ethernet frame type field and demultiplexing
IEEE's version of Ethernet (802-3)
LAN connections and network interface cards
Ethernet evolution and thicknet wiring
Thinnet Ethernet wiring
Twisted pair Ethernet wiring and hubs
Physical and logical Ethernet topology
Wiring in and office building
Ethernet data rates and cable types
Twisted pair connectors and cables
Summary
Wireless Networking Technologies:
Introduction
Taxonomy of wireless networks
Personal Area Networks (PANs)
ISM wireless bands used by LANs and PANs
Wireless LAN technologies and Wi-Fi
Spread spectrum techniques
Other wireless LAN standards
Wireless LAN architecture
Overlap, association, and 802-11 frame format
Coordination among access points
Contention and contention-free access
Wireless MAN technology and WiMax
PAN technologies and standards
Other short-distance communication technologies
Wireless WAN technologies
Micro cells
Cell clusters and frequency reuse
Generations of cellular technologies
VSAT satellite technology
GPS satellites
Software defined radio and the future of wireless
Summary
Repeaters, Bridges, And Switches:
Introduction
Distance limitation and LAN design
Fiber modem extensions
Repeaters
Bridges and bridging
Learning bridges and frame filtering
Why bridging works well
Distributed spanning tree
Switching and layer 2 switches
VLAN switches
Multiple switches and shared VLANs
Importance of bridging
Summary
WAN Technologies And Dynamic Routing:
Introduction
Large spans and wide area networks
Traditional WAN architecture
Forming A WAN
Store and forward paradigm
Addressing in A WAN
Next-hop forwarding
Source independence
Dynamic routing updates in A WAN
Default routes
Forwarding table computation
Distributed route computation
Shortest paths and weights
Routing problems
Summary
Networking Technologies Past And Present:
Introduction
Connection and access technologies
LAN technologies
WAN technologies
Summary
Part 5: Internetworking:
Internetworking: Concepts, Architecture, And Protocols:
Introduction
Motivation for internetworking
Concept of universal service
Universal service in a heterogeneous world
Internetworking
Physical network connection with routers
Internet architecture
Intranets and Internets
Achieving universal service
Virtual network
Protocols for internetworking
Review of TCP/IP layering
Host computers, routers, and protocol layers
Summary
IP: Internet Addressing:
Introduction
Move to IPv6
Hourglass model and difficulty of change
Addresses for the virtual Internet
IP addressing scheme
IP address hierarchy
Original classes of IPv4 addresses
IPv4 dotted decimal notation
Authority for addresses
IPv4 subnet and classless addressing
Address masks
CIDR notation used with IPv4
CIDR example
CIDR host addresses
Special IPv4 addresses
Summary of special IPv4 addresses
IPv4 Berkeley broadcast address form
Routers and the IPv4 addressing principle
Multihomed hosts
IPv6 multihoming and network renumbering
IPv6 addressing
IPv6 colon hexadecimal notation
Summary
Datagram Forwarding:
Introduction
Connectionless service
Virtual packets
IP datagram
IPv4 datagram header format
IPv6 datagram header format
IPv6 base header format
Forwarding an IP datagram
Network prefix extraction and datagram forwarding
Longest prefix match
Destination address and next-hop address
Best-effort delivery
IP encapsulation
Transmission across an Internet
MTU and datagram fragmentation
Fragmentation of an IPv6 datagram
Reassembly of an IP datagram from fragments
Collecting the fragments of a datagram
Consequence of fragment loss
Fragmenting an IPv4 fragment
Summary
Support Protocols And Technologies:
Introduction
Address resolution
Example of IPv4 addresses
IPv4 address resolution protocol (ARP)
ARP message format
ARP encapsulation
ARP caching and message processing
Conceptual address boundary
Internet control message protocol (ICMP)
ICMP message format and encapsulation
IPv6 address binding with neighbor discovery
Protocol software, parameters, and configuration
Dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP)
DHCP protocol operation and optimizations
DHCP message format
Indirect DHCP server access through a relay
IPv6 autoconfiguration
Network address translation (NAT)
NAT operation and IPv4 private addresses
Transport-layer NAT (NAPT)
NAT and servers
NAT software and systems for use at home
Summary
UDP: Datagram Transport Service:
Introduction
Transport protocols and end-to-end communication
User datagram protocol
Connectionless paradigm
Message-oriented interface
UDP communication semantics
Modes of interaction and multicast delivery
Endpoint identification with protocol port numbers
UDP datagram format
UDP checksum and the pseudo header
UDP encapsulation
Summary
TCP: Reliable Transport Service:
Introduction
Transmission control protocol
Service TCP provides to applications
End-to-end service and virtual connections
Techniques that transport protocols use
Techniques to avoid congestion
Art of protocol design
Techniques used in TCP to handle packet loss
Adaptive retransmission
Comparison of retransmission times
Buffers, flow control, and windows
TCP's three-way handshake
TCP congestion control
Versions of TCP congestion control
Other variations: SACK and ECN
TCP segment format
Summary
Internet Routing And Routing Protocols:
Introduction
Static vs dynamic routing
Static routing in hosts and a default route
Dynamic routing and routers
Routing in the global Internet
Autonomous system concept
Two types of Internet routing protocols
Routes and data traffic
Border gateway protocol (BGP)
Routing information protocol (RIP)
RIP packet format
Open shortest path first protocol (OSPF)
Example OSPF graph
OSPF areas
Intermediate system-intermediate system (IS-IS)
Multicast routing
Summary
Part 5: Other Networking Concepts & Technologies:
Network Performance (QoS And DiffSErv):
Introduction
Measures of performance
Latency or delay
Capacity, throughput, and goodput
Understanding throughput and delay
Jitter
Relationship between delay and throughput
Measuring delay, throughput, and jitter
Passive measurement, small packets, and NetFlow
Quality of service (QoS)
Fine-grain and coarse-grain QoS
Implementation of QoS
Internet QoS technologies
Summary
Multimedia And IP Telephony (VoIP):
Introduction
Real-time data transmission and best-effort delivery
Delayed playback and jitter buffers
Real-time transport protocol (RTP)
RTP encapsulation
IP telephony
Signaling and VoIP signaling standards
Components of an IP telephone system
Summary of protocols and layering
H-323 characteristics
H-323 layering
SIP characteristics and methods
Example SIP session
Telephone number mapping and routing
Summary
Network Security:
Introduction
Criminal exploits and attacks
Security policy
Responsibility and control
Security technologies
Hashing: an integrity and authentication mechanism
Access control and passwords
Encryption: a fundamental security technique
Private key encryption
Public key encryption
Authentication with digital signatures
Key authorities and digital certificates
Firewalls
Firewall implementation with a packet filter
Intrusion detection systems
Content scanning and deep packet inspection
Virtual private networks (VPNs)
Use of VPN technology for telecommuting
Packet encryption vs tunneling
Security technologies
Summary
Network Management (SNMP):
Introduction
Managing an Intranet
FCAPS: the industry standard model
Example network elements
Network management tools
Network management applications
Simple network management protocol
SNMP's fetch-store paradigm
SNMP MIB and object names
Variety of MIB variables
MIB variables that correspond to arrays
Summary
Software Defined Networking (SDN):
Introduction
Marketing hype and reality
Motivation for a new approach
Conceptual organization of a network element
Control plane modules and the hardware interface
New paradigm: software defined networking
Unanswered questions
Shared controllers and network connections
SDN communication
OpenFlow: a controller-to-element protocol
Classification engines in switches
TCAM and high-speed classification
Classification across multiple protocol layers
TCAM size and the need for multiple patterns
Items OpenFlow can specify
Traditional and extended IP forwarding
End-to-end path with MPLS using layer 2
Dynamic rule creation and control of flows
Pipeline model for flow tables
SDN's potential effect on network vendors
Summary
Internet Of Things:
Introduction
Embedded systems
Choosing a network technology
Energy harvesting
Low power wireless communication
Mesh topology
ZigBee alliance
802-15-4 radios and wireless mesh networks
Internet connectivity and mesh routing
IPv6 in a ZigBee mesh network
ZigBee forwarding paradigm
Other protocols in the ZigBee stack
Summary
Trends In Networking Technologies And Uses:
Introduction
Need for scalable Internet services
Content caching (Akamai)
Web load balancers
Server virtualization
Peer-to-peer communication
Distributed data centers and replication
Universal representation (XML)
Social networking
Mobility and wireless networking
Digital video
Higher-speed access and switching
Cloud computing
Overlay networks
Middleware
Widespread deployment of IPv6
Summary
Appendix 1: Simplified application programming interface
Index.

Computer networks and Internets /

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