Photography /
| Други автори: | London, Barbara, 1936- |
|---|---|
| Формат: | Книга |
| Език: | English |
| Публикувано: |
Upper Saddle River, N.J. :
Prentice Hall,
2002.
|
| Издание: | 7th ed. |
| Предмети: |
Съдържание:
- Preface
- 1.
- Getting started
- Camera and film
- Loading film into the camera
- Focusing and setting the exposure
- Taking your picture
- What will you photograph?
- Some basic guidelines to get you started
- Photographing people
- Photographing places
- 2.
- Camera
- Basic camera controls
- The shutter
- The shutter and light
- The shutter and motion
- Conveying motion in a still photograph
- The aperture
- The aperture and light
- The aperture and depth of field
- Using shutter and aperture together
- Choosing a camera
- Special-purpose cameras
- Keeping the camera steady
- Photographer at work : photojournalist James Nachtwey
- 3.
- Lens
- From pinhole to lens
- Lens focal length
- Normal focal length
- Long focal length
- Short focal length
- Zoom lenses
- Special-purpose lenses
- Manual focus
- Automatic focus
- Focusing your lens
- Focus and depth of field
- Controlling depth of field
- Zone focusing
- Focusing on the hyperfocal distance
- Perspective
- How to make a close-up photograph
- Close-up equipment
- Close-up exposures
- Guidelines for buying a lens
- Getting the most from your camera and lens.
- 4.
- Light and film
- Selecting and using film
- Film speed
- Film speed and grain
- Fast film
- when speed is essential
- Medium-speed and slow films
- for maximum detail
- Instant films
- How film responds to light
- Characteristic curves
- How black-and-white film records color
- Infrared film
- Using filters
- Photographer at work : another angle on sports
- Walter Iooss
- 5.
- Exposure
- Exposure basics
- Equivalent exposures
- How exposure meters work
- In-camera exposure meters
- Automatic exposure
- How to meter
- An overall reading of a scene with average tones
- Using different types of meters
- Metering high-contrast scenes
- Exposing for specific tones
- Hard-to-meter scenes
- Bracketing exposures
- Using exposure.
- 6.
- Developing the negative
- How to process black-and-white roll film
- Equipment and supplies you'll need
- Processing chemicals and how to handle them
- Chemical safety
- Processing black-and-white roll film step by step
- How film processing affects your picture
- How developer and fixer affect a negative
- How time and temperature affect development
- The importance of proper agitation and fresh solutions
- The need for careful washing and drying
- Exposure and development : under, normal, over
- Push processing
- 7.
- Printing the negative
- Black-and-white printing
- Equipment and supplies for printing
- The enlarger
- Printing papers
- Making a black-and-white print step by step
- A contact sheet : a whole roll at once
- Setting up an enlargement
- A test strip for your print
- A trial print
- and eventually a final print
- Processing a black-and-white print
- Evaluating density and contrast in a print
- Controlling contrast
- Graded-contrast and variable-contrast papers
- Dodging and burning
- Cropping
- Archival processing for maximum permanence
- Toning for color and other effects.
- 8.
- Finishing and mounting
- Spotting to remove minor flaws
- Mounting a print
- Equipment and supplies you'll need
- Dry mounting
- Cutting an overmat
- 9.
- Color
- Color : additive or subtractive
- Color photographs : three image layers
- Choosing a color film
- Instant color films
- Exposure latitude
- How much can exposures vary?
- Color balance
- Color temperature and the color balance of film
- Filters to balance color
- Color casts
- Color changes throughout the day
- Developing color film
- Making a color print from a negative
- Equipment and materials you'll need
- Exposing a test print
- Judging density in a print made from a negative
- Judging color balance in a print made from a negative
- More about color balance and print finishing
- Making a color print from a transparency
- Judging a print made from a transparency
- Photographer at work : advertising photographer Clint Clemens.
- 10.
- Digital camera
- A computer with a lens
- Pictures into pixels
- Using a digital camera
- GEtting started
- Memory and resolution
- Choosing the quality you need
- Monitors and viewfinders : seeing what you've got
- Delays and focal length : longer than you would expect
- Setting the ISO frame by frame
- Contrast and exposure control
- Color balance
- Choosing a digital camera
- 11.
- Digital darkroom
- Digital imaging : an overview
- Scanning a photograph
- The digital photograph
- Image size, resolution, and file size
- Working memory, storage, and transmission
- Your work area and tools
- Selection tools
- Preparation : repositioning and cropping
- Adjusting the image overall
- Adjusting color balance
- Making tonal adjustments
- Compositing
- Using layers
- Other adjustments
- Converting color to black and white
- Filters for special effects
- Printing and display
- Printing
- The Internet : resource and gallery
- CD-ROMs
- Ethics and digital imaging
- Using digital imaging
- Enhancing reality
- Going beyond reality
- Photographer at work : merging photography and illustration
- William Duke.
- 12.
- Lighting
- Direction of light
- Degree of diffusion : from hard to soft light
- Available light
- outdoors
- Available light
- indoors
- Artificial light
- Lights and other lighting equipment
- Qualities of artificial light
- The main light : the dominant source
- The fill light : to lighten shadows
- Lighting with flash
- Flash equipment
- Basic flash techniques
- Manual flash exposures
- Automatic flash exposures
- Fill flash : to lighten shadows
- Controlling background brightness
- Simple portrait lighting
- Multiple-light portrait setups
- Lighting textures objects
- Lighting reflective objects
- LIghting translucent objects
- Using lighting
- Photographer at work : dance photographer Lois Greenfield.
- 13.
- Special techniques
- Copying techniques
- Pinhole photography
- Special printing techniques
- A photogram : a cameraless picture
- A Sabattier print : part positive, part negative
- Alternative processes
- Cyanotpying
- Platinum and palladium printing
- Cross processing
- Image transfer
- Hand coloring
- Painting with light
- 14.
- View camera
- Inside a view camera
- View camera movements
- Rise and fall
- Shift
- Tilt
- Swing
- Using a view camera to control the image
- Controlling the plane of focus
- Controlling perspective
- Equipment you'll need
- What to do first
- and next
- Loading and processing sheet film
- 15.
- The zone system
- The zone system scales
- Using the zone scale while metering
- Placing a tone, seeing where other tones fall
- How development controls contrast
- Putting it all together
- Roll film and color film
- Photographer at work : using the zone system
- John Sexton
- 16.
- Seeing photographs
- Basic choices
- Content
- Framing the subject
- Backgrounds
- Basic design
- Spot/line
- Shape/pattern
- Emphasis/balance
- More choices
- Using contrasts of sharpness
- Using contrasts of light and dark
- Placing the subject within the frame
- Perspective and point of view
- Looking at
- and talking about photographs
- Showing your work to editors and others.
- 17.
- History of photography
- The invention of photography
- Daguerreotype : "Designs on silver bright"
- Calotype : pictures on paper
- Collodion wet-plate : sharp and reproducible
- Gelatin emulsion/roll-film base : photography for everyone
- Color photography
- Early portraits
- Early travel photography
- Time and motion in early photographs
- Early images of war
- Time and motion in early photographs
- The photograph as document
- Photography and social change
- Photojournalism
- Photography as art in the 19th century
- Pictorial photography and the photo-secession
- The direct image in art
- The quest for a new vision
- Photography as art in the 1950s and beyond
- A gallery of contemporary photography
- Troubleshooting
- Glossary
- Bibliography
- Credits
- Index
- Light meter.