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The use of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) in biology and medicine is key to solving a number of problems related to the treatment and prevention of various diseases, as well as the emergence of antibiotic resistance, leading to ineffectiveness of the prescribed therapy, prolonged hospital stay, high hospital costs and even death. Antisense oligonucleotides are short single-stranded molecules with an optimal length of 20-25 nucleotides that can directly bind to structures in the genome, for example bacterial riboswitches, and regulate their expression. Their study and research are important because they have a number of potential applications. It is possible to create antisense oligonucleotides whose targets are pathogenic bacteria, SARS-CoV-2 and many other pathogens. To ensure their penetration into a bacterium, they can bind to a carrier, either a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) or a lipoprotein. Based on their design, ASOs hybridize complementarily to the target sequence and as a result are able to regulate gene expression. The mechanism of action of antisense oligonucleotides has been well studied, and in the event of emerging antibiotic resistance or the emergence of mutations, their design can be readily redesigned and allow for optimized subsequent administration. There are already approved ASOs on the market for use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and atherosclerosis.
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